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Jan 27, 2021

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Q&A: CCLP Attorney Allison Neswood

by | Jan 27, 2021

Equity work

Allison Neswood, a health care attorney at the Colorado Center on Law and Policy, in her office in Denver, Colo., on 2/27/18 (Photo by Joe Mahoney) #JPM0102

Families USA’s 2021 Coverage Health Advocate of the Year during the organization’s Health Action Conference has recognized a Colorado Center on Law and Policy (CCLP) attorney and advocate, Allison Neswood, Esq. 
 
In bestowing the honor, Families USA cited Allison’s work at CCLP as “exemplary efforts championing innovative routes to better health and health coverage, particularly for Coloradans facing inequities in our system.” 

With the conference kicking off this week, Allison discussed the award, her role at CCLP and how the organization is working with its partners to advance health equity in Colorado. 

Question: How would you describe your work at CCLP? 

Allison Neswood: My work at CCLP is focused on access to quality health care and health equity. I work on a range of issues from addressing cost and other barriers to health coverage and hospital care; to ensuring that people targeted by racism have a say in how our nonprofit hospitals invest in community health; to improving access to public programs — including for immigrants and their families. I’ve also gained expertise in hospital financing and the use of provider payments to drive improvements in health equity through my seat on the Colorado Healthcare Affordability and Sustainability Enterprise Board and as a Fellow in Families USA’s new Health Equity in Health System Transformation Academy.  

As an attorney, a lot of my work is on the enforcement side. This involves engaging in rule-making and other administrative processes to ensure that health care programs – especially Medicaid – meet the needs and legal rights of the eligible population in Colorado. I also work on state legislation to improve how health care and health-supporting systems work for people in Colorado who are struggling to make ends meet.

Question: Your promotion to Deputy Director of Strategic Priorities was in part to recognize and formalize your leadership on equity at CCLP. Can you talk about the role and what equity work means to you? 

AN: As a Navajo woman, our equity work at CCLP has always been very important to me. I have appreciated the space CCLP has given me to grow in this area and to develop an equity analysis for our work, in partnership with colleagues from CCLP and from several partner organizations, including through the Health Equity Advocacy Cohort, an eight-year, field-building project of The Colorado Trust.  

Over several months last year, we revised CCLP’s mission, vision, and core values and went through a strategic planning process. One of our main goals was to incorporate a commitment to equity — and racial equity in particular — as central to economic and health justice. The Deputy Director position was created so I would have a leadership role in steering continued implementation of that commitment.  

Specific implementation efforts have included creating an equity-centered decision tool to use when we are considering taking a position on a bill or taking up a new issue and developing a model for community-centered policy making, through which people impacted by poverty and discrimination will have a greater role in the development of the poverty agenda we advance at CCLP.   

Equity work is complex and emotional work. One reason for this is that it involves disrupting deeply ingrained cultural beliefs and stories that reject the systemic nature of poverty and its disproportionate impact on people of color and, instead, attribute failure and success in our society solely to individual attributes like work ethic.  

The truth — that we have created and maintain poverty and poor health outcomes in our communities using discriminatory policies propped up by bias and hate — is harder for many to reckon with and for people of color it is a reckoning that is long overdue. But it is an essential step towards justice and it is what Black, Indigenous and other communities of color deserve. I am deeply grateful to the people inside and outside CCLP who are joining me on this journey.   

Question: Can you talk about the work Families USA is recognizing with this award? 

AN: The award recognizes work that improves access to health coverage. CCLP focuses on this issue because affordable, comprehensive coverage promotes health by improving access to critical care and by increasing financial security. For people with low incomes, just having health insurance reduces rates of depression, eviction and bankruptcy.  

The award from Families USA comes following legislative efforts we co-led in 2020 that will make state health insurance subsidies available to Coloradans regardless of their immigration status, and that will allow uninsured Coloradans to connect to health coverage through the income-tax filing process. I was proud to work with our partners on these efforts that will decrease the administrative burden of applying for coverage and improve affordability, especially for those who have been denied access to coverage thus far. 

Question: What does it mean to you to receive this national recognition? 

AN: I was very surprised to receive this award and deeply honored. The people of Families USA provide such valuable technical assistance to health care and health equity advocates across the country, and they are just so impressive.  

Beyond that, I am immensely grateful to my colleagues both from CCLP and from a range of partner organizations that have helped me to grow and that have done this work alongside me. I can’t name everyone who deserves to be mentioned but Karla Gonzales Garcia, Erin Miller, Caitlin Westerson, Rayna Hetlage, Julie Reiskin, Christina Yebuah, and Bethany Pray have all played a particularly large role in my success as a health coverage advocate.  

They have helped me to develop my expertise and advance policy, to sharpen my equity analysis, to have confidence in myself, and to seek strength and inspiration in the example of resilience set by our communities and by so many past and present leaders of color. In my view, this award also honors the mentors I’ve mentioned and those I haven’t who are fighting for social justice across our state.  

Question: Any closing thoughts? 

AN: I feel so much gratitude for CCLP and my CCLP colleagues. It has been nearly seven years since I started working at CCLP. Since then, I have leveraged CCLP’s network and reputation to grow my skills, to hone my voice, and to build my community in Colorado.   

Beyond that, my colleagues help me to trust — and even sometimes find joy — in the struggle for economic and health justice. CCLP staff are skilled policy wonks, brave advocates, hard workers and sources of inspiration. They are committed to the notion that the work of building a more perfect union is not done until the slow violence of poverty is eradicated and everyone has a safe home, enough healthy food, quality health care, and savings to fall back on and to invest in their dreams. And they do the work too. However slow, however stressful, however frustratingly incremental, my colleagues do the work and inspire me to do the same.   

Learn more about CCLP and the Families USA award in this news release.

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HEALTH:
HEALTH FIRST COLORADO (MEDICAID)

Health First Colorado is the name given to Colorado’s Medicaid program. Medicaid provides public, low-cost health insurance to qualifying adults and children. It is an entitlement program funded by the federal, state, and county governments and is administered by counties in Colorado. Those who are required to pay must pay a small co-pay when receiving certain health care services.

State Department: Department of Health Care Policy and Financing

Eligibility: Most adults 18 to 64 are eligible for Medicaid in Colorado if their household income is at or below 133% of the federal poverty limit (FPL). Pregnant women are eligible with incomes of up to 195% FPL, while children under 18 may be eligible if the live in a household with income at or below 142% FPL. Some adults over 65 may also be eligible for Medicaid.

Program Benefits: Through Medicaid, low-income Coloradans are eligible for a range of health care services at little to not cost. Services provided include doctors visits, prescription drugs, mental health services, and dental care. Co-pays for certain individuals may be needed for certain services.

Program Funding and Access: Colorado funds our Medicaid program through state and federal dollars. Medicaid is an entitlement program, which means that all who are eligible for Medicaid can access the program, regardless of the funding level in a given year. This does not mean that it is always easy to access Medicaid, even when eligible. And since the program is administered by counties, funding levels for county staff and other administrative roles can make it easier or harder for Coloradans to access the program. On top of this, not all medical providers accept Medicaid which limits the ability of Coloradans to seek health services even if enrolled, such as if the nearest provider is a 2+ hour drive away.

Note: This data is from before the pandemic and does not reflect changes in enrollment rules during the COVID-19 pandemic and public health emergency.

Statewide Program Access 2015-19: Over the study period of this report, an average of 89.0% of the population at or below 133% of FPL (i.e., the population who is likely to be eligible for Medicaid) were enrolled in Medicaid in Colorado.

FOOD SECURITY:
SUPPLEMENTAL NUTRITION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM (SNAP)

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program or SNAP helps low-income Coloradans purchase food by providing individuals and families with a monthly cash benefit that can be used to buy certain foods. SNAP is an entitlement program that is funded by the federal and state governments and administered by counties in Colorado.

State Department: Department of Human Services

Eligibility: Currently, Coloradans qualify for SNAP if they have incomes below 200% FPL, are unemployed or work part-time or receive other forms of assistance such as TANF, among other eligibility criteria. Income eligibility for SNAP was different during the study period of this report than today—it was 130% FPL back in 2019 for example. The US Department of Agriculture uses the population at or below 125% FPL when calculating the Program Access Index (or PAI) for SNAP. We follow this practice in our analysis despite Colorado currently having a higher income eligibility threshold.

Program Benefits: SNAP participants receive a monthly SNAP benefit that is determined by the number of people in their household and their income. Benefit amounts decrease as income increases, helping households avoid a sudden loss of SNAP when their incomes increase, even by a minor amount. Benefits are provided to an Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) card that can be used to purchase eligible food items, such as fruits and vegetables; meat, poultry, and fish; dairy products; and breads and cereals. Other items, such as foods that are hot at their point of sale, are not allowable purchases under current SNAP rules.

Program Funding and Access: SNAP, like Medicaid, is a federal entitlement program. This means that Colorado must serve any Coloradan who is eligible for the program. As such, funding should not be a limit to how many Coloradans can be served by the program. However, funding for administration of SNAP at the state and county level can limit the ability of county human service departments to enroll those who are eligible. Other program rules and administrative barriers can make it difficult for Coloradans to receive the benefits they are legally entitled to receive.

Statewide Program Access 2015-19: Over the study period of this report, an average of 61.1% of the population at or below 125% of FPL (i.e., the population who is likely to be eligible for SNAP) were enrolled.

FOOD SECURITY:
SPECIAL SUPPLEMENTAL NUTRITION PROGRAM FOR WOMEN, INFANTS AND CHILDREN (WIC)

The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, also know as WIC, provides healthcare and nutritional support to low-income Coloradans who are pregnant, recently pregnant, breastfeeding, and to children under 5 who are nutritionally at risk based on a nutrition assessment.

State Department: Department of Public Health and Environment

Eligibility: To participate in WIC you must be pregnant, pregnant in the last six months, breastfeeding a baby under 1 year of age, or a child under the age of 5. Coloradans do not need to be U.S. citizens to be eligible for WIC. In terms of income, households cannot have incomes that exceed 185% FPL. Families who are enrolled in SNAP, TANF, Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations (FDPIR), or Medicaid are automatically eligible for WIC. Regardless of gender, any parents, foster parents, or caregivers are able to apply for and use WIC services for eligible children.

Program Benefits: WIC provides a range of services to young children and their parents. These include funds to purchase healthy, fresh foods; breastfeeding support; personalized nutrition education and shopping tips; and referrals to health care and other services participants may be eligible for.

Program Funding and Access: WIC is funded by the US Department of Agriculture. The state uses these federal funds to contract with local providers, known as WIC Clinics. In most cases, these are county public health agencies, but that is not the case in all Colorado counties. Some WIC Clinics cover multiple counties, while others are served by multiple clinics. Private non-profit providers are also eligible to be selected as a WIC Clinic.

Statewide Program Access 2015-17: Between 2015 and 2017, an average of 52.2% of the population eligible for WIC were enrolled in the program in Colorado.

Financial Security:
Colorado Works

Colorado Works is the name given to Colorado’s program for Temporary Assistance to Needy Families or TANF. It is an employment program that supports families with dependent children on their path to self-sufficiency. Participants can receive cash assistance, schooling, workforce development and skills training depending on the services available in their county.

State Department: Department of Human Services

Eligibility: In general, Coloradans are eligible to enroll in TANF if they are a resident of Colorado, have one or more children under the age of 18 or pregnant, and have very low or no income. For example, to be eligible to receive a basic cash assistance grant through TANF, a single-parent of one child could not earn more than $331 per month, with some exclusions—and would only receive $440 per month (as of 2022). That said, there are other services provided by counties through TANF that those with incomes as high as $75,000 may be eligible for. In addition to these, participants in TANF are required to work or be pursuing an eligible “work activity” or work-related activity. Any eligible individual can only receive assistance if they have not previously been enrolled in TANF for a cumulative amount of time of more than 60 months—this is a lifetime limit that does not reset. Counties may have additional requirements and offer benefits that are not available in other counties in Colorado.

Program Benefits:  While the exact benefits that one is eligible for under TANF can vary, all qualified participants are eligible to receive a monthly cash payment, call basic cash assistance. Other than cash assistance, counties are have a lot of choice in how to use their TANF funding; generally a use of TANF funds is appropriate so long as it advances one or more of the four purposes of the program: (1) provide assistance to needy families so that children can be cared for in their own homes or in the homes of their relatives; (2) end the dependence of needy families on government benefits by promoting job preparation, work, and marriage; (3) prevent and reduce the incidence of out-of-wedlock pregnancies; and (4) encourage the formation and maintenance of two-parent families.

It is important to note that those eligible for TANF are also eligible for many of the other programs we’ve included in this report, such as SNAP, Medicaid, and CCCAP.

Program Funding and Access: Colorado funds its TANF program through funds received from the federal government through the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families block grant. Most of the federal funds are allocated by the state to counties, which are required to provide a 20% match of state funding. Federal and state rules allow the state and counties to retain a portion of unspent funds in a TANF reserve.

Statewide Program Access 2015-19: Over the study period of this report, an average of 50.7% of the population at or below 100% of FPL (i.e., the population who is likely to be eligible for TANF) were enrolled in TANF in Colorado.

EARLY LEARNING:
COLORADO CHILD CARE ASSISTANCE PROGRAM (CCCAP)

The Colorado Child Care Assistance Program provides child care assistance to low-income families and caregivers living in Colorado in the form of reduced payments for child care. It is a program funded by the federal, state, and county governments and is administered by counties in Colorado. The share owed by parents/caregivers is determined on a sliding scale based on the family’s income.

State Department: Department of Early Childhood Education

Eligibility: Counties set eligibility for families separately, but must serve families with incomes at or below 185% of the Federal Poverty Limit. Families accepted to the program are no longer eligible once their income exceeds 85% of the state median income. Parents or caregivers must be employed, searching for work, or engaged in another approved activity to be eligible for CCCAP. Parents and caregivers enrolled in Colorado Works (Temporary Assistance to Needy Families or TANF) or in the child welfare system are also eligible to participate in CCCAP. Generally, CCCAP serves families with children under 13, although children as old as 19 may be eligible under certain circumstances.

Program Benefits: If a family is eligible for CCCAP and has income, they may likely have to pay a portion of their child’s or children’s child care costs each month. The amount that families owe is based on their gross income, number of household members, and the number of children in child care in the household. As such, households tend not to experience a benefit cliff with CCCAP when they see their incomes increase

Program Funding and Access: Colorado funds the CCCAP program using federal dollars it receives from the Child Care and Development Block Grant program. The state allocates federal and state funds to counties using a formula that takes into account factors like current caseloads and the number of eligible residents. Assistance is available until the county’s funds are spent, so the number of families that can be served is often a function of how much funding is available and the income and composition of the household that applies. It is not uncommon for counties to overspend or underspend their allocations of funds. The state reallocates unspent funds from counties who underspent to those who overspent. While underspending could indicate a problem with the way a county administers its CCCAP program, it could just as likely be a sign that there are few providers in the county who participate in CCCAP—or a lack of providers generally.

Statewide Program Access 2015-19: Over the study period of this report, an average of 10.8% of the population at or below 165% of FPL and younger than age 13 (i.e., the population who is likely to be eligible for CCCAP) were enrolled in CCCAP.

Housing:
HUD rental assistance programs

The US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) has three housing assistance programs that we look at together: Housing Choice Vouchers (Section 8), Project-based Section 8, and Public Housing. In Colorado, these programs provided assistance to over 90% of the households who received federal housing assistance from all HUD programs. Through federally funded, local or regional public housing agencies (PHAs) are the agencies that administer these programs, through not all are available in all counties. These are not the only programs available in Colorado that assist households afford the cost of housing, such as units funded through federal and state tax credit programs.

State Department: Department of Local Affairs

Eligibility: Generally, households with incomes under 50% of the area median income (AMI) of the county they live in are eligible for these rental assistance programs, although PHAs have discretion to select households with incomes at higher percentages of AMI. That said, HUD requires that 75% of new vouchers issued through the Housing Choice Voucher/Section 8 program in a given year are targeted to households with incomes at or below 30% of AMI. PHAs are also able to create criteria that give priority to certain types of households who are on waiting lists for these programs.

Program Benefits: These rental assistance programs help households afford the cost of housing by reducing their housing costs to around 30% of their household income. In the case of the Housing Choice Voucher program, the PHA pays the voucher holder’s landlord the remaining portion of the rent.

Program Funding and Access: Funding and access are both challenges for these rental assistance programs. In addition to limitations on the number of public housing units or housing vouchers a PHA can manage or issue, lack of funding compared to the need constrains the ability of PHAs to assist low-income households. In 2020, Coloradans were on waitlists for Housing Choice Vouchers for an average of 17 months. Waitlists also exist for the other rental assistance programs.

Statewide Program Access 2015-19: Over the study period of this report, an average of 21.1% of renter households with incomes at or below 50% AMI (i.e., the population who is likely to be eligible for HUD rental assistance programs) were living in subsidized housing.